Multibubble Sonoluminescence and Na Atom Emission in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Surfactant Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multibubble sonoluminescence spectra were measured in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions at the frequencies of 108 kHz and 1.0 MHz. At 108 kHz under a low power, the total sonoluminescence intensity is enhanced and reaches a maximum at 1 mM. At 108 kHz under a high power, the sonoluminescence intensity gradually decreases in the SDS concentration range of 0.1–100 mM, whereas at 1.0 MHz, the sonoluminescence intensity is rapidly quenched at a concentration of 1 mM and increases afterward. Na D-line peaks at 589 nm were observed at both frequencies for concentrations above 0.5 mM. Na atom emission is more prominent at 1.0 MHz than at 108 kHz. The frequency effect is discussed in terms of rectified diffusion including dynamic equilibrium isotherm for the surface excess of surfactant and the production of OH radicals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".