Atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos above 1 TeV interacting in IceCube
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory was designed primarily to search for high-energy (TeV-PeV) neutrinos produced in distant astrophysical objects. A search for $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ neutrinos interacting inside the instrumented volume has recently provided evidence for an isotropic flux of such neutrinos. At lower energies, IceCube collects large numbers of neutrinos from the weak decays of mesons in cosmic-ray air showers. Here we present the results of a search for neutrino interactions inside IceCube's instrumented volume between 1 TeV and 1 PeV in 641 days of data taken from 2010--2012, lowering the energy threshold for neutrinos from the southern sky below 10 TeV for the first time, far below the threshold of the previous high-energy analysis. Astrophysical neutrinos remain the dominant component in the southern sky down to a deposited energy of 10 TeV. From these data we derive new constraints on the diffuse astrophysical neutrino spectrum, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}=2.0{6}_{\ensuremath{-}0.3}^{+0.4}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}18}{({E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}/1{0}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV})}^{\ensuremath{-}2.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12}{\mathrm{GeV}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\text{ }{\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}<{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}<1.4\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{PeV}$, as well as the strongest upper limit yet on the flux of neutrinos from charmed-meson decay in the atmosphere, 1.52 times the benchmark theoretical prediction used in previous IceCube results at 90% confidence.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it