Recent Eutrophication Histories in Lac Ste. Anne and Lake Isle, Alberta, Canada, Inferred Using Paleolimnological Methods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A paleolimnological analysis of Lac Ste. Anne and Lake Isle, two eutrophic lakes in central Alberta, Canada, confirmed that they were naturally eutrophic, but have become increasingly eutrophic after the 1960s as 27% and 24% of their watersheds, respectively, were developed for urban and agricultural purposes. This was shown by a predominance of Chironomidae head capsules indicating periodic anoxia in bottom waters, high abundances of eutrophic diatoms (e.g., Aulacoseira granulata, Fragilaria crotonensis, Stephanodiscus niagarae and S. parvus), and, in Lac Ste. Anne, an enrichment of pigments from filamentous cyanobacteria (e.g., myxoxanthophyll) in post-1960 sediments. Evidence of periodic anoxia in the profundal zone was also provided by a scarcity of reducible phosphorus in the sediments. Lac Ste. Anne showed the largest changes during the 1960s and 1970s, when increases were observed in the abundance of hyper-eutrophic diatoms (e.g., S. parvus) as well as sedimentary phosphorus fractions and algal pigments. The changes in Lake Isle were similar, but more subtle. Results indicate that reduced anthropogenic activities would still result in eutrophic systems, but some improvements in water quality would be achieved, particularly in Lac Ste. Anne.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".