Seismic characterization of a CO2 flood in the Ardley coals, Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
3D seismic data were acquired at a site where enhanced coalbed methane production and carbon sequestration were being tested. The data were acquired nine months after 180 tons of gaseous CO2 were injected at a depth of 0.4 km into the Ardley coals of Alberta, Canada. Poststack inversion of the data showed a low acoustic-impedance anomaly updip and along strike of the preferential fluid pathway in the target coal zone. The size and location of the anomaly concur with the expected imprint of the injected CO2, and it has been interpreted as the flood. The magnitude of the apparent reduction in acoustic impedance cannot be explained by the Gassmann fluid substitution model, suggesting that the elastic moduli of the coal rock frame has been reduced by exposure to the CO2. Other authors have shown that such reduction in the elastic moduli of coal could be achieved by changes in the surface energy of the pore wall or by organic dissolution of the coal frame.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".