Recovery of Bitumen from Utah Tar Sands Using Ionic Liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hot or warm water processes are used to extract bitumen from Canadian oil or tar sands. The application of these methods to the processing of tar sand deposits found in the Western United States, notably Utah, has not been commercially successful, however, because of the consolidated nature of the deposits and the high viscosity of the bitumen. It is demonstrated here that a previously developed method employing ionic liquids (ILs) together with a nonpolar solvent such as toluene can effect a separation at ambient temperatures (∼25 °C), although with greater difficulty than Canadian oil sands. Essentially, a multiphase system consisting of a sand and clay slurry, an ionic liquid layer, and an organic layer containing the bitumen can be formed by simply mixing the components. More than 90% of the bitumen is released from the sand, but only in successive extractions. Water is not used in this stage of the separation, but relatively small amounts are used to separate entrained IL from the sand and clays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".