Dust emissions from undisturbed and disturbed supply‐limited desert surfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aeolian sediment transport systems have been treated frequently as transport limited, where transport is governed by the force of the wind, or as supply limited, where sediment transport is controlled by the availability of surface grains. Although many arid environments are dominated by supply‐limited surfaces, almost all available dust emission and sand transport models are restricted to transport‐limited conditions. To examine the emission of PM 10 (particulate matter ≤10 μ m aerodynamic diameter) and horizontal sand transport from supply‐limited environments, a series of wind tunnel tests were conducted in the Mojave Desert, California. In situ testing was conducted with an open‐floored, portable wind tunnel (12 × 1 × 0.75 m) on a variety of natural soils having disturbed and undisturbed surface conditions. Results indicate that for these supply‐limited environments, PM 10 emissions are primarily driven by the aerodynamic resuspension of loose surface material as opposed to the dynamic entrainment mechanisms associated with saltating grains. Emission rates were directly influenced by wind shear and mechanical disturbance and indirectly influenced by soil texture. In addition, disturbance of the surface was found to increase the potential for multiple emission events, which may affect the temporal accumulation of atmospheric dust.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".