Federal grants to municipalities in Canada: Nature, importance and impact on municipal investments, from 1990 to 2005
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This article examines the nature, importance and impact of federal grants on municipal capital expenditures in Canada. The first part recaps the history of federal grants to Canadian municipalities, focusing mainly on the last twenty years; the second presents some quantitative evidence on the amounts involved; and the third examines their impact on municipal capital expenditures for recent years. Sommaire : Le présent article examine la nature, l'importance et l'incidence des subventions fédérales sur les dépenses en capital des municipalités au Canada. La première partie récapitule l'historique des subventions fédérales accordées aux municipalités canadiennes, se concentrant essentiellement sur les vingt dernières années; la deuxième partie présente des informations quantitatives sur les montants en question; et la troisième examine l'effet de ces subventions sur les dépenses en capital des municipalités au cours des dernières années.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".