Single and Combined Effects of Growth Hormone and Testosterone in Healthy Older Men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The life expectancy of populations in the USA and Western European countries is increasing, but the prevalence of features of ageing, such as physical frailty and disability, increases in parallel, creating the challenge of maintaining good health during this longer life. Many physical features of ageing resemble those seen in men with growth hormone (GH) deficiency and/or organic androgen deficiency. In this article, we briefly review the effects of ageing on GH and testosterone release in males, along with data regarding the single or combined administration of GH and testosterone on outcome variables in ageing men. Although some studies suggest that GH, testosterone, or combination therapy may have utility when administered in elderly males, adequately powered, long-term trials with appropriate endpoints are needed. Until this information becomes available, we believe that GH and/or testosterone supplementation in healthy older adults should be limited to individuals in well-controlled research studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".