Development of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for electric and hybrid electric vehicles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extensive use of internal combustion engine (ICE)-based vehicles has contributed to severe adverse impacts on the environment and accelerated depletion of fossil fuel reserves, leading to considerable rise in price of gas over the past two decades. These challenges, plus the low efficiency associated with the conventional drivetrains, have made the automotive industry seriously consider and move towards drivetrain electrification in vehicular systems. In electrified vehicles, the propulsion is fully or partially provided by electric motors, powered by onboard energy storage systems. In an attempt to make up for the limitations of the existing energy storage devices and contribute to vehicle electrification movement, this paper examines the feasibility and capability of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), composed of battery and ultra-capacitor units, through simulation and experimentation using a laboratory prototype. The choice of HESS topology has been made based on simplicity of power and control circuits, cost and performance. The design takes into consideration the required power, the converter losses, limitations of energy storage devices, and quality of the current drawn from battery cells. Experimental results are provided to verify the analytical expectations and simulation results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".