Enhancement of microstrip antenna directivity using double-superstrate configurations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the directivity of microstrip patch antennas with double-layer superstrate is investigated. Two dielectric superstrate layers, each a quarter wavelength in thickness and separated by an air gap, are introduced above the microstrip patch, separated by another air gap. The parameters of these layers are used as key controllers of the directivity enhancement. Numerical results indicate that the directivity increases significantly even with moderate superstrate dielectric constants when the double-superstrate configuration (DSC) is used. To demonstrate how the layers affect the directivity, an infinite dielectric model is first used. Then the effect of the superstrate transverse dimensions is studied by means of a finite dielectric model. The directivity variations with respect to frequency are compared for different superstrate surface areas. This work leads to the conclusion that modification of the superstrate transverse dimensions can optimize both directivity and bandwidth. The experimental investigations of DSC are also provided to support the simulation results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".