Least Bittern (<i>Ixobrychus exilis</i>) Survey Protocol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis) is at risk in several regions of North America and the effectiveness of multi-species marsh bird surveys to detect this secretive species has been questioned. A species-specific standardized survey protocol for Least Bitterns was developed to increase detection, quantify detection probability and improve knowledge of the species' distribution, abundance and habitat use. The protocol is a modification of the Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocol (Conway 2009), whereby only the Least Bittern call is broadcast repeatedly at fixed point count survey stations, and a second passive listening period is added after the broadcast period to increase detection. Vocalizations and behavior are noted on a minute-by-minute basis for each individual Least Bittern, along with estimated distance at first detection. The protocol has been implemented in Canada since 2006 and has resulted in Least Bitterns being detected in more sites and larger numbers than previously suspected. Adoption of the proposed protocol is recommended across the Least Bittern range when Least Bittern detection is the focus of a survey or monitoring program; therefore allowing direct comparisons of relative abundance and detection probabilities amongst sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.062 | 0.020 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".