M-scan cross-sectional imaging of resistance spot welds during welding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a method for monitoring cross-sections of resistance spot welds in real-time during the welding process. The existing in-line system uses a single element transducer that acquires A-scans in time through the axial center of the weld to form an M-scan image of the welding process. The system being presented uses a 10 MHz 24 element linear phased array transducer specifically designed to be used in spot welding. This is used to perform cross-sectional imaging of the heat affected zone via beam-steering. The linear phased array was driven by the Ultrasound Advanced Open Platform (ULA-OP), which provides the high speed electronics needed to capture the welding process that occurs in less than 300ms. This setup provides a method to measure the nugget diameter along the imaged cross-section improving the real-time non-destructive evaluation of resistance spot welds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".