Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy Study of Cerebrovascular Dynamics in Ultrasound-Induced Blood—Brain Barrier Opening
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption can be achieved with ultrasound (US) and circulating microbubble (MB) contrast agent. Using dorsal US sonication and Definity, an MB contrast agent, responses of the cortical cerebral vasculature to BBB opening were observed with varying acoustic peak negative pressure (0.071 to 0.25 MPa) under two-photon microscope. Wistar rats with a craniotomy were sonicated with a single piezoelectric transducer following the intravenous injection of Texas Red for visualization of vasculature and leakage from BBB opening. Based on time-dependent intensity change in the extravascular area, the leakage was classified into three types: fast, sustained, and slow. Fast leakage was characterized by a rapid increase to peak intensity during sonication, but a decrease afterwards, occurring at all pressures and vessels sizes analyzed in our study. Sustained leakage was indicated by a similar, immediate increase to peak intensity but one that remained elevated for the duration of imaging, occurring at low-to-intermediate pressures. Slow leakage began 5 to 15 minutes after sonication, dominating at low pressures, and was more prevalent among smaller vessels than fast and sustained leakage. Our study showed the possibility of controlling leakage type and vessel size in US-induced BBB opening through varying acoustic pressure.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it