Integrated Study of Foamy Oil Flow and Wormhole Structure in CHOPS through Transient Pressure Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, a radial-composite CHOPS well model, integrating foamy oil flow and complex wormhole configurations, tends to investigate how wormholes and foamy oil can affect pressure responses of CHOPS wells simultaneously. Heavy oil starts containing dispersed gas and forming relatively continuous foamy oil when pressure drops below certain point. Such foamy oil with high compressibility and pressure-dependent properties makes the partial differential equations highly nonlinear and existence of wormholes makes them more difficult. Pseudo variables of pressure and time, introduced in this paper, aim at solving such nonlinear problems. Unsteady state problems of this model were solved semi-analytically using source and sink function methods. Generated type curves provide new transient pressure behaviours of mature CHOPS wells with wormholes and foamy oil flow. They show that effects of wormholes mainly dominate the early time flow period, while distinct fluid properties between foamy oil and original heavy oil zones start affecting late time flow period when pressure disturbance has reached the interface. Foamy oil compressibility can affect pressure responses significantly during late time flow period because it is very different from original heavy oil. With known foamy oil properties, this model provides new perspectives of transient pressure analysis of field pressure data to estimate wormhole coverages and drainage areas of foamy oil zones, which are very important in post-CHOPS development such as infill well drilling and EOR planning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".