Induction of Nitric Oxide Production by Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells and Blood Leukocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A recent study from our laboratory has shown that significant amounts of nitric oxide are released by somatic cells recovered during endotoxin-induced mastitis. The present study was undertaken to investigate which cell type(s) among milk somatic cell population can produce nitric oxide under inflammatory conditions. Nitric oxide release from mammary epithelial cell lines and from bovine neutrophils and monocytes extracted from blood was measured in response to cytokines and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides. An epithelial cell line isolated from bovine mammary gland, FbE cells, was found to release nitric oxide after exposure to interleukin-1beta. This nitric oxide production was completely abolished by addition of L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine, a potent inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Bovine monocytes produced nitric oxide in response to recombinant bovine interferon-gamma alone or in combination with E. coli lipopolysaccharides. In these cells, nitric oxide release was reduced by the addition of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine and aminoguanidine. Lipopolysaccharides and recombinant bovine interferon-gamma increased nitric oxide synthase mRNA in neutrophils, but nitric oxide release could not be detected under any of the experimental conditions used. These results show that bovine epithelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes produce nitric oxide under inflammatory conditions and suggest that these cell populations are responsible for nitric oxide release observed during mastitis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".