Calcium-accumulating cells in the meristematic region of grapevine root apices
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apical roots of grapevines were examined by cryo-SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and the intracellular distribution of Ca was demonstrated by X-ray microanalysis in different regions of the primary root. We show that large amounts of Ca are accumulated as raphide crystals in the vacuoles of specialised cortical cells (idioblast cells) of the root apex. These crystal idioblast cells appeared to form a discontinuous cone of cells in the outer region of the root meristem. The raphide crystals within these cells were less apparent in older regions of the root, 10-12 mm basipetal to the root tip. We suggest that the raphide crystals could initially act as another Ca sink involved in the regulation of Ca levels in root apices. In older regions of the root these cells are spaced at intervals around the periphery of the cortex and the subsequent disappearance of the raphides may be indicative of remobilisation, perhaps in the zone of elongation where cell wall synthesis occurs and Ca demand is high. Calcium-accumulating cells were also observed in the older regions of the root, forming endodermal protrusions extending into the cortex. These cells may play a part in regulating Ca delivery to the xylem stream by sequestration of Ca from the radial flow of water at the endodermis. The observed distribution of Ca in root apices was different from the other major cations (e.g. K) and anions (e.g. Cl) because high concentrations were localised to specific cells. We interpret the results in the context of a model of the dynamics of grapevine root growth and cell differentiation, and the temporal balance of solute supply from the protophloem and the external medium.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it