Coordinate Regulation of Hepatic Bile Acid Oxidation and Conjugation by Nuclear Receptors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bile acids play important functions in the maintenance of bile acid homeostasis. However, due to their detergent properties, these acids are inherently cytotoxic and their accumulation in liver is associated with hepatic disorders such as cholestasis. During their enterohepatic circulation, bile acids undergo several metabolic alterations, including amidation, hydroxylation, sulfonation, and glucuronidation. Most of these transformations facilitate the excretion of bile acids into the bile (amidation and sulfonation) or into the blood for subsequent urinary elimination (hydroxylation, sulfonation, and glucuronidation). In this review, the role of various nuclear receptors and transcription factors in the expression of bile acid detoxification enzymes is summarized. In particular, the coordinate manner in which the xenobiotic sensors pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor, the lipid sensors liver X receptor, farnesoid X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and vitamin D receptor, and the orphan receptors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha and small heterodimer partner regulate bile acid detoxification is detailed. Finally, we conclude by discussing the importance of these transcription factors as promising drug targets for the correction of cholestasis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".