Cyclical Electrical Stimulation of Hydrogel Microactuators Employing Parylene-N Coated Electrodes
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work presents the cyclical actuation of electric field sensitive microscale hydrogels employing dielectric coated coplanar electrodes. Microscale hydrogels are photopolymerized in-situ, and AC frequency-based actuation combined with pulse width modulation enabled controlled manipulation of hydrogel deformation. Stable actuation cycles are achieved with applied electric potentials from 20 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pk-pk</sub> to 40 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Vpk-pk</sub> , with a maximum true strain of 29% and a minimum rise time of 4.7 s. The peak and trough osmotic pressure for each system' s cycle is also analytically determined, with a peak pressure at 40 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pk-pk</sub> of 201.1±38.3 kPa. A plateau in the peak-to-trough true strain is observed above 30 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pk-pk</sub> . For comparative purposes a system without dielectric coated electrodes and employing external syringe pumps is also examined, and stable cyclical actuation was achieved for applied electric potentials of 5 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pk-pk</sub> and 10 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pk-pk</sub> . For this system the maximum stable rise time, true strain, and osmotic pressure are 8.1 s, 57%, and 429.2±81.9 kPa, respectively. The difference between the two systems highlights how optimization of the dielectric layer's thickness and uniformity can further enhance actuation performance. The electronically responsive hydrogel-based cyclical actuator developed within this work could be further employed for microfluidic regulation in portable low-power systems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it