The use of pulse‐echo acoustic microscopy to non‐invasively determine the sex of living larval sea lampreys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A rapid, accurate and non‐invasive method to determine the sex of larval sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus, using wide‐field pulse‐scanning acoustic microscopy, is described. Cross‐sectional pulse‐echo scans were made with a high‐resolution acoustic microscope in 48 larvae (110–130 mm total length, LT), and the acoustic images generated showed such internal body structures as the gonad, intestine, kidneys, cardinal veins, notochord and musculature. Females were identified by the presence of a relatively large (1–1·5 mm diameter) ovary, which was considerably less reflective to the 15 to 25 MHz acoustic signals than the surrounding kidney tissue. Males were recognized by the lack of the large non‐reflective ovary and, in some cases, the appearance of a small (0·2–0·3 mm) testis with slightly stronger reflective properties than the kidney. Identification of sex was confirmed by optical microscopy following dissection, and in a blind test on an additional 10 specimens (121–168 mm LT), the acoustic method reliably identified sex in 100% of the larvae. These results indicate that acoustic microscopy can determine the sex of live sea lamprey larvae in c. 30 s per animal, a process which until now required dissection or invasive surgery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".