Bibliographic record
Abstract
In studying riparian woodlands along streams across western North America, we observed a grove of exceptionally large and old black cottonwoods, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray, along the Elk River in southeastern British Columbia. Situated in a floodplain forest dominated by western red cedar, Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don, the cottonwoods were up to 2.2 m in diameter, and although heart rot prevented precise aging, increment cores indicated ages of up to 400 years. This demonstrated the potential for substantial longevity of section Tacamahaca cottonwoods (including Populus angustifolia James and Populus balsamifera L.) compared with section Aigeiros species (Populus deltoides Bartr. and Populus fremontii Wats.), which are shorter lived (about 150 year maximum). Very old cottonwoods make distinctive contributions to habitat structure of riparian woodlands and reveal stable floodplain locations that have not been eroded by the river channel for the duration of the trees' lives.Key words: aging, poplars, riparian, trees.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".