Elongated conformers of charge states +11 to +15 of bovine ubiquitin studied using ESI-FAIMS-MS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent advancements in high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) have led to significant improvements in the application of this technology to the study of protein conformers. Compared with previous work, the maximum value of the separation voltage (i.e., the dispersion voltage) has increased, thereby enabling multiple, elongated conformers of individual charge states of bovine ubiquitin to be separated in the gas phase (e.g., four conformers of each of the +11 and +12 charge states were separated). The use of a carrier gas mixture of 40% nitrogen and 60% helium changed the separation selectivity compared with pure nitrogen and enhanced the signal intensity, especially for the +14 and +15 charge states (the latter was not detected in a nitrogen carrier gas). Conformer cross sections were determined using the FAIMS/energy-loss method and found to be similar within a given charge state. The cross sections for conformers of charge states +13, + 14, and +15 plateau at about 2000 A2 suggesting that the structure of bovine ubiquitin is essentially unfolded after the addition of the 13th proton.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".