Acceleration and heating of metal particles in condensed matter detonation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For condensed explosives, containing metal particle additives, interaction of the detonation shock and reaction zone with solid inclusions leads to high rates of momentum and heat transfer that consequently introduce non-ideal detonation phenomena. During the time scale of the leading detonation shock crossing a particle, the acceleration and heating of metal particles are shown to depend on the volume fraction of particles, dense packing configuration, material density ratio of explosive to solid particles and ratio of particle diameter to detonation reaction-zone length. Dimensional analysis and physical parameter evaluation are used to formalize the factors affecting particle acceleration and heating. Three-dimensional mesoscale calculations are conducted for matrices of spherical metal particles immersed in a liquid explosive for various particle diameter and solid loading conditions, to determine the velocity and temperature transmission factors resulting from shock compression. Results are incorporated as interphase exchange source terms for macroscopic continuum models that can be applied to practical detonation problems involving multi-phase explosives or shock propagation in dense particle-fluid systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".