Biomineralization of Fine Selenium Crystalline Rods and Amorphous Spheres
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A simple aqueous phase method containing a water-soluble carrier protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), has been presented for the synthesis of well-defined morphologies of nanobiomaterials. BSA has been used as a shape-directing agent to synthesize crystalline Se nanobars (NBs) and amorphous nanospheres in aqueous phase at a relatively low temperature of 85 °C. Na 2 SeO 3 is used as the Se source to achieve nanoselenium following hydrazine reduction. Well-defined multifacet NBs are produced when the amount of Na 2 SeO 3 is at least 6 times greater than that of BSA (on the basis of per residue), while amorphous spheres are formed with nearly a 1:1 ratio. Both morphologies have been fully characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. Results have shown that the shape-directing ability of unfolded BSA helped to achieve the formation of crystalline NBs, while its soft template effect directed the nanosphere formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".