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GRAVITATIONAL WAVES FROM KNOWN PULSARS: RESULTS FROM THE INITIAL DETECTOR ERA
J. Aasi, J. Abadie, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, M. R. Abernathy, T. Accadia, F. Acernese, C. Adams, T. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, C. Affeldt, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, P. Ajith, B. Allen, A. Allocca, E. Amador Ceron, D. Amariutei, R. A. Anderson, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, K. Arai, M. Araya, C. C. Arceneaux, J. S. Areeda, S. Ast, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, Larry Austin, B. E. Aylott, S. Babak, P. T. Baker, G. Ballardin, S. Ballmer, J. C. Barayoga, D. Barker, S. H. Barnum, F. Barone, B. Barr, L. Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, M. A. Barton, I. Bartos, R. Bassiri, A. Basti, J. C. Batch, J. Bauchrowitz, Th. S. Bauer, M. Bebronne, B. Behnke, M. Bejger, M. G. Beker, A. S. Bell, C. Bell, Ilya Belopolski, G. Bergmann, J. M. Berliner, D. Bersanetti, A. Bertolini, D. Bessis, J. Betzwieser, P. T. Beyersdorf, T. Bhadbhade, I. A. Bilenko, G. Billingsley, J. Birch, M. Bitossi, M. A. Bizouard, E. Black, J. K. Blackburn, Lindy Blackburn, D. G. Blair, M. Blom, O. Bock, T. P. Bodiya, M. Boër, C. Bogan, C. Bond, F. Bondu, L. Bonelli, R. Bonnand, R. Bork, M. Born, V. Boschi, S. Bose, L. Bosi, J. Bowers, C. Bradaschia, P. R. Brady, V. B. Braginsky, M. Branchesi, Carl Brannen, J. E. Brau, J. Breyer, T. Briant, D. O. Bridges, A. Brillet, M. Brinkmann, V. Brisson, M. Britzger, A. F. Brooks, D. Brown, Frank Brückner, T. Bulik, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, D. Buskulic, C. Buy, Robert L. Byer, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, J. Calderón Bustillo, E. Calloni, J. B. Camp, P. Campsie, K. C. Cannon, B. Canuel, J. Cao, C. D. Capano, F. Carbognani, L. Carbone, S. Caride, A. Castiglia, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, F. Cavalier, R. Cavalieri, G. Cella, C. Cepeda, E. Cesarini, R. Chakraborty, T. Chalermsongsak, S. Chao, P. Charlton, E. Chassande‐Mottin, X. Chen, Yu‐Hung Chen, A. Chincarini, A. Chiummo, H. S. Cho, J. H. Chow, N. Christensen, Q. Chu, S. Chua, S. Chung, G. Ciani, F. Clara, Daniel E. Clark, J. A. Clark, F. Cleva, E. Coccia, P.‐F. Cohadon, A. Colla, M. Colombini, M. Constancio, A. Conte, R. Conte, D. Cook, T. R. Corbitt, M. Cordier, Neil J. Cornish, A. Corsi, C. A. Costa, M. W. Coughlin, J.‐P. Coulon, S. T. Countryman, P. Couvares, D. M. Coward, M. J. Cowart, D. C. Coyne, K. Craig, J. D. E. Creighton, S. G. Crowder, A. Cumming, L. Cunningham, E. Cuoco, K. Dahl, T. Dal Canton, M. Damjanic, S. L. Danilishin, S. D’Antonio, K. Danzmann, V. Dattilo, B. Daudert, H. Daveloza, M. Davier, G. S. Davies, E. J. Daw, R. Day, T. Dayanga, R. De Rosa, G. Debreczeni, J. Degallaix, W. Del Pozzo, E. Deleeuw, S. Deléglise, T. Denker, T. Dent, H. Dereli, V. Dergachev, R. T. DeRosa, R. DeSalvo, S. Dhurandhar, L. Di Fiore, A. Di Lieto, I. Di Palma, A. Di Virgilio, M. Díaz, A. Dietz, K. Dmitry, F. Donovan, K. L. Dooley, S. Doravari, M. Drago, R. W. P. Drever, J. C. Driggers, Zhihui Du, J.-C. Dumas, S. E. Dwyer, T. Eberle, M. C. Edwards, A. Effler, P. Ehrens, J. Eichholz, S. S. Eikenberry, G. Endrőczi, R. C. Essick, T. Etzel, K. Evans, M. Evans, T. M. Evans, M. Factourovich, V. Fafone, S. Fairhurst, Q. Fang, S. Farinon, B. Farr, Will M. Farr, M. Favata, D. Fazi, H. Fehrmann, D. Feldbaum, I. Ferrante, F. Ferrini, F. Fidecaro, L. S. Finn, I. Fiori, R. P. Fisher, R. Flaminio, E. Foley, S. Foley, E. Forsi, N. Fotopoulos, J.‐D. Fournier, Sebastián Franco, S. Frasca, F. Frasconi, M. Frede, M. Frei, Z. Frei, A. Freise, R. Frey, T. T. Fricke, P. Fritschel, В. В. Фролов, M.-K. Fujimoto, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, J. Gair, L. Gammaitoni, Javier A. García, F. Garufi, N. Gehrels, G. Gemme, E. Genin, A. Gennai, L. Gergely, S. Ghosh, J. A. Giaime, S. Giampanis, K. D. Giardina, A. Giazotto, S. Gil-Casanova, C. Gill, J. Gleason, E. Goetz, L. Gondán, G. González, Neil Gordon, M. L. Gorodetsky, S. E. Gossan, S. Goßler, R. Gouaty, C. Graef, P. B. Graff, M. Granata, A. Grant, S. Gras, C. Gray, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, A. M. Gretarsson, C. Griffo, P. Groot, H. Grote, K. Grover, S. Grünewald, G. M. Guidi, C. Guido, K. E. Gushwa, E. K. Gustafson, R. Gustafson, Benjamin Hall, E. D. Hall, D. Hammer, G. Hammond, M. M. Hanke, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, J. Hanson, J. Harms, I. W. Harry, E. D. Harstad, M. T. Hartman, K. Haughian, K. Hayama, J. Heefner, A. Heidmann, M. C. Heintze, H. Heitmann, P. Hello, M. Hendry, I. S. Heng, A. W. Heptonstall, M. Heurs, S. Hild, D. Hoak, K. A. Hodge, K. Holt, M. Holtrop, S. Hooper, Travis Horrom, D. J. Hosken, J. Hough, E. J. Howell, Yi-Ming Hu, Ziyue Hua, V. Huang, E. A. Huerta, B. Hughey, S. Husa, S. H. Huttner, M. Huynh, T. Huynh–Dinh, Joseph Iafrate, D. R. Ingram, R. Inta, T. Isogai, A. Ivanov, B. R. Iyer, K. Izumi, M. Jacobson, E. James, H. Jang, Y. J. Jang, P. Jaranowski, F. Jiménez-Forteza, W. W. Johnson, D. I. Jones, R. Jones, R. J. G. Jonker, L. Ju, K. Haris, P. Kalmus, V. Kalogera, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, J. B. Kanner, M. Kasprzack, Rangachar Kasturi, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, H. Kaufer, K. Kaufman, K. Kawabe, Seiji Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, F. Kéfélian, D. Keitel, D. B. Kelley, W. Kells, D. G. Keppel, A. Khalaidovski, F. Y. Khalili, Е. А. Хазанов, B. K. Kim, C. Kim, K. Kim, Nakwoo Kim, W. Kim, Y.-M. Kim, E. J. King, P. J. King, D. L. Kinzel, J. S. Kissel, S. Klimenko, J. Kline, S. M. Koehlenbeck, K. Kokeyama, V. Kondrashov, S. Koranda, W. Z. Korth, I. Kowalska, D. B. Kozak, A. Kremin, V. Kringel, B. Krishnan, A. Królak, C. Kucharczyk, Stephen S. Kudla, A. Kumar, P. Kumar, S. Kumar, R. Kurdyumov, P. Kwee, M. Landry, B. Lantz, Shane L. Larson, P. D. Lasky, Craig Lawrie, A. Lazzarini, A. Le Roux, P. Leaci, E. O. Lebigot, Chang‐Hwan Lee, H. K. Lee, Hyung Mok Lee, J. Lee, M. Leonardi, J. R. Leong, N. Leroy, N. Letendre, B. M. Levine, J. B. Lewis, T. G. F. Li, A. C. Lin, T. B. Littenberg, V. Litvine, F. Liu, H. Liu, Y. Liu, Zhe Liu, David Lloyd, N. A. Lockerbie, Veronica Lockett-Ruiz, D. Lodhia, K. M. Loew, J. Logue, A. L. Lombardi, M. Lorenzini, V. Loriette, M. Lormand, G. Losurdo, J. D. Lough, Jing Luan, M. Lubinski, A. P. Lundgren, J. Macarthur, E. Macdonald, B. Machenschalk, M. MacInnis, D. M. Macleod, F. Magaña‐Sandoval, M. Mageswaran, K. Mailand, E. Majorana, I. Maksimovic, V. Malvezzi, N. Man, G. M. Manca, Ilya Mandel, V. Mandic, V. Mangano, M. Mantovani, F. Marchesoni, F. Marion, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, A. S. Markosyan, E. Maros, J. Marque, F. Martelli, I. W. Martin, R. M. Martin, L. Martinelli, Д. В. Мартынов, J. N. Marx, K. Mason, A. Masserot, T. J. Massinger, F. Matichard, L. Matone, R. A. Matzner, N. Mavalvala, G. May, N. Mazumder, G. Mazzolo, R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland, S. C. McGuire, G. McIntyre, J. McIver, D. Meacher, G. D. Meadors, M. Mehmet, J. Meidam, T. Meier, A. Melatos, G. Mendell, R. A. Mercer, S. Meshkov, C. Messenger, M. S. Meyer, H. Miao, C. Michel, Е. Е. Михайлов, L. Milano, J. Miller, Y. Minenkov, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, S. Mitra, V. P. Mitrofanov, G. Mitselmakher, R. Mittleman, B. Moe, M. Mohan, S. R. P. Mohapatra, F. Mokler, D. Moraru, G. Moreno, N. Morgado, Toshiyuki Mori, S. R. Morriss, K. Mossavi, B. Mours, C. M. Mow–Lowry, C. Mueller, G. Mueller, Suvodip Mukherjee, A. Mullavey, J. Münch, D. Murphy, P. G. Murray, A. Mytidis, M. F. Nagy, Deepak Kumar, I. Nardecchia, T. Nash, L. Naticchioni, R. K. Nayak, V. Necula, G. Nelemans, I. Neri, M. Néri, G. Newton, T. Nguyen, E. Nishida, A. Nishizawa, A. Nitz, F. Nocera, D. Nolting, M. E. N. Normandin, L. K. Nuttall, E. Ochsner, J. O’Dell, E. Oelker, G. H. Ogin, J. J. Oh, S. H. Oh, F. Ohme, P. Oppermann, B. O’Reilly, W. Ortega Larcher, R. O’Shaughnessy, C. Osthelder, D. J. Ottaway, R. S. Ottens, J. Ou, H. Overmier, B. J. Owen, A. Pai, C. Palomba, Y. Pan, C. Pankow, F. Paoletti, R. Paoletti, M. A. Papa, H. Paris, A. Pasqualetti, R. Passaquieti, D. Passuello, M. Pedraza, P. Peiris, A. Perreca, M. Phelps, M. Pichot, M. Pickenpack, F. Piergiovanni, V. Pierro, L. Pinard, B. Pindor, I. M. Pinto, M. Pitkin, J. Poeld, R. Poggiani, Violet M. Poole, C. Poux, V. Predoi, T. Prestegard, Larry R. Price, M. Prijatelj, M. Principe, S. Privitera, R. Prix, G. A. Prodi, L. Prokhorov, O. Puncken, M. Punturo, P. Puppo, V. Quetschke, E. A. Quintero, R. Quitzow-James, F. J. Raab, D. S. Rabeling, István Rácz, H. Radkins, P. Raffai, S. Raja, G Rajalakshmi, M. Rakhmanov, C. Ramet, P. Rapagnani, V. Raymond, V. Re, C. M. Reed, T. Reed, T. Regimbau, S. Reid, D. H. Reitze, R. Riesen, K. Riles, N. A. Robertson, F. Robinet, A. Rocchi, S. Roddy, Carl L. Rodriguez, M. Rodruck, Christian Roever, L. Rolland, J. G. Rollins, J. D. Romano, R. Romano, G. Romanov, J. H. Romie, D. Rosińska, S. Rowan, A. Rüdiger, P. Ruggi, K. Ryan, F. Salemi, L. Sammut, V. Sandberg, J. R. Sanders, V. Sannibale, I. Santiago-Prieto, E. Saracco, B. Sassolas, B. S. Sathyaprakash, P. R. Saulson, R. L. Savage, R. Schilling, R. Schnabel, R. M. S. Schofield, E. Schreiber, D. Schuette, B. Schulz, B. F. Schutz, P. Schwinberg, J. Scott, S. M. Scott, Frank Seifert, D. Sellers, A. S. Sengupta, D. Sentenac, A. Sergeev, D. A. Shaddock, S. Shah, M. S. Shahriar, M. Shaltev, B. Shapiro, P. Shawhan, D. H. Shoemaker, T. L. Sidery, K. Siellez, X. Siemens, D. Sigg, D. Simakov, A. Singer, L. Singer, A. M. Sintes, G. Skelton, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. Slutsky, J. R. Smith, M. Smith, R. J. E. Smith, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, K. Soden, E. J. Son, B. Sorazu, T. Souradeep, L. Sperandio, A. Staley, E. Steinert, J. Steinlechner, S. Steinlechner, S. Steplewski, Daniel J. Stevens, A. Stochino, R. Stone, K. A. Strain, N. Straniero, S. Strigin, A. Stroeer, R. Sturani, A. L. Stuver, T. Z. Summerscales, S. Susmithan, P. J. Sutton, B. L. Swinkels, G. Szeifert, M. Tacca, D. Talukder, L. Tang, D. B. Tanner, S. P. Tarabrin, R. Taylor, A. P. M. ter Braack, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam, Michael Thomas, P. Thomas, K. A. Thorne, K. S. Thorne, E. Thrane, V. Tiwari, K. V. Tokmakov, C. Tomlinson, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli, O. Torre, C. Torres, C. I. Torrie, F. Travasso, G. Traylor, M. Tse, D. Ugolini, G. Vajente, M. Vallisneri, J. F. J. van den Brand, S. van der Putten, Marc van der Sluys, J. V. van Heijningen, A. A. van Veggel, S. Vass, M. Vasúth, R. Vaulin, A. Vecchio, G. Vedovato, J. Veitch, K. Venkateswara, D. Verkindt, S. Verma, F. Vetrano, A. Viceré, R. Vincent-Finley, S. Vitale, B. Vlček, T. Vo, H. Vocca, C. Vorvick, W. D. Vousden, D. Vrinceanu, S. P. Vyachanin, A. R. Wade, L. E. Wade, M. Wade, S. J. Waldman, M. Walker, L. Wallace, J. Wang, M. Wang, Xin-Zhe Wang, A. Wanner, R. L. Ward, M. Wąs, B. Weaver, L.‐W. Wei, M. Weinert, Allan J. Weinstein, R. Weiss, T. Welborn, L. Wen, P. Wessels, Matthew J. West, T. Westphal, K. Wette, J. T. Whelan, S. E. Whitcomb, D. J. White, B. F. Whiting, Suryo Anggoro Kusumo Wibowo, K. Wiesner, C. Wilkinson, L. Williams, R. Williams, T. Williams, J. L. Willis, B. Willke, M. H. Wimmer, L. Winkelmann, W. Winkler, C. C. Wipf, H. Wittel, G. Woan, J. Worden, J. Yablon, I. Yakushin, H. Yamamoto, C. C. Yancey, Huan Yang, D. Yeaton-Massey, S. Yoshida, H. Yum, M. Yvert, A. Zadrożny, M. Zanolin, J.‐P. Zendri, F. Zhang, T. Zhang, C. Zhao, H. Zhu, X. J. Zhu, N. Zotov, M. E. Zucker, S. Buchner, I. Cognard, A. Corongiu, N. D’Amico, C. M. Espinoza, P. C. C. Freire, E. V. Gotthelf, L. Guillemot, J. W. T. Hessels, G. Hobbs, M. Krämer, A. G. Lyne, F. E. Marshall, A. Possenti, S. M. Ransom, Paul S. Ray, Jayashree Roy, B. W. Stappers
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Astrophysical Journal · 2014
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicPulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Canadian institutionsCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsPerimeter InstituteUniversity of Toronto
FundersObservatoire de Paris, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et LettresIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareMinistero dello Sviluppo EconomicoNational Research Foundation of KoreaMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIndustry CanadaGovern de les Illes BalearsFundacja na rzecz Nauki PolskiejScottish Funding CouncilInstitut des Origines de LyonScottish Universities Physics AllianceHungarian Scientific Research FundLeverhulme TrustNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, IndiaScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNational Research FoundationAlfred P. Sloan FoundationNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Science Foundation
KeywordsPulsarLIGOPhysicsGravitational waveGravitational-wave observatoryMillisecond pulsarAstronomyVelaAstrophysicsGravitational-wave astronomyNeutron starObservatoryDetectorInterferometryAmplitudeOptics
Abstract
We present the results of searches for gravitational waves from a large selection of pulsars using data from the most recent science runs (S6, VSR2 and VSR4) of the initial generation of interferometric gravitational wave detectors LIGO (Laser Interferometric Gravitational-wave Observatory) and Virgo. We do not see evidence for gravitational wave emission from any of the targeted sources but produce upper limits on the emission amplitude. We highlight the results from seven young pulsars with large spin-down luminosities. We reach within a factor of five of the canonical spin-down limit for all seven of these, whilst for the Crab and Vela pulsars we further surpass their spin-down limits. We present new or updated limits for 172 other pulsars (including both young and millisecond pulsars). Now that the detectors are undergoing major upgrades, and, for completeness, we bring together all of the most up-to-date results from all pulsars searched for during the operations of the first-generation LIGO, Virgo and GEO600 detectors. This gives a total of 195 pulsars including the most recent results described in this paper.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.004
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.003
Threshold uncertainty score0.011
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.018
GPT teacher head0.313
Teacher spread0.295 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations182
Published2014
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes