Bibliographic record
Abstract
O M E animals eliminate fragments or whole chromosomes from their S zygotic karyotype during early embryogenesis.The elimination produces differences between germline and soma with certain chromosome material becoming included in the germline only.A classical example is the elimination, or diminution, of terminal parts of chromosomes in the parasitic nematode Ascaris megalocephala, observed by BOVERI and others in the nineteenth century.It is not known exactly how the Asca- ris chromosomes behave when performing diminution.A delayed separation of anaphase chromosomes has recently been shown to occur as a stage in differentiation during embryogenesis of other animals.In a n investigation of the chromosomal behaviour during early embryogenesis of freshwater planarians (Paludicola, Tricladida) pseudochiasmata, or connections at strictly localized points between anaphase chromosomes, were found to be of importance for cell differentiation (MELANDER, 1963 a).The first morphologically uniform triclad blastomeres are free from each other.After some cell generations morphological and physiological differences appear among the free blastomeres.Cells resembling each other assemble into a few groups and start to form tissues.The blastomeres within a group are characterized by a specific pattern of chromocenters in their interphase nuclei.Thus, a relation exists between the interphasic pattern of chromocenters and other characteristics of the cells.During the period of progressive blastomere differentiation pseudo-chiasmata are formed.The daughter chromosomes are connected in strictly localized segments.These pseudo-chiasmata are temporary, causing an attenuation of the nearby chromatid segment without immediate breakage.A plausible interpretation of these pseudo-chiasmata is that their formation constitutes one of the first steps in a cell differentiation.A cer-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".