In New York State, Do More Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Mean Fewer or More Complex Referrals to Cardiac Surgeons?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surgeons allege that fewer coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations are being performed because cardiologists are performing more percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures for monetary gain. The authors reviewed publicly accessible databases from New York State, California, Canada, and Europe for 1997 and 2003. In New York State, the number of CABGs performed fell by one-third. Patient demographics, however, remained unchanged. In contrast, while the number of PCIs substantially increased, the percentage of 3-vessel PCIs remained unchanged. In California, the rate of CABG production (per million population) fell by one-quarter, but it increased in Canada and Europe. In contrast, the rate of PCI production increased in all locations. The performance of fewer CABG procedures in America cannot be entirely explained by cardiologists' increasingly self-referring patients with coronary artery disease for PCI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".