Survey of<i>Erwinia amylovora</i>isolates from British Columbia for resistance to bactericides and virulence on apple
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A total of 80 Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. isolates, primarily from fire blighted apple shoots were collected from more than 40 different orchard locations in British Columbia between 1993 and 1998. Thirty-seven of the isolates representing 46% of the total number were not inhibited by 1000 µg/mL streptomycin and were considered streptomycin resistant. Streptomycin-resistant isolates were found in orchards from Winfield (Vernon area, B.C.) to Oliver, B.C., with the greatest concentration of resistance isolates found in the central Okanagan Valley at Summerland. Disease severity produced by 16 representative E. amylovora isolates on 'McIntosh' seedlings ranged from zero to nine leaves blighted per seedling, with 12 isolates showing a high level of virulence because they blighted five or more leaves per plant. Of these 12, 8 were streptomycin sensitive and 4 were streptomycin resistant, indicating that virulence and streptomycin resistance are independent factors. Eighteen of 42 E. amylovora isolates tested for copper tolerance grew on casitone yeast extract medium containing copper sulphate 0.16 mM; 2 of the 18 isolates grew in the presence of copper sulphate 0.32 mM, indicating that tolerance to copper may be increasing in British Columbia orchards. None of the isolates would be expected to cause problems in copper sprayed orchards because they were not able to grow in the presence of copper sulphate 1.10 mM. The ramifications of streptomycin resistance and copper tolerance for the control of fire blight in British Columbia are discussed. Entre 1993 et 1998, 80 isolats de l'Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., provenant principalement de rameaux de pommier atteints de brÛlure bactérienne, furent obtenus de 40 vergers situés à différents endroits de la Colombie-Britannique (C.-B.). Trente-sept des isolats, soit 46% du total, ne furent pas inhibés par 1000 µg/mL de streptomycine et furent considérés comme résistants à la streptomycine. Les isolats résistants à la streptomycine provenaient de vergers d'un territoire allant de Winfield (région de Vernon, C.-B.) à Oliver, C.-B., avec une concentration maximale à Summerland, au centre de la vallée de l'Okanagan. L'intensité de la maladie produite par un groupe représentatif de 16 isolats de l'E. amylovora sur des semis du cv. McIntosh allait de zéro à neuf feuilles atteintes par semis, avec 12 isolats montrant une forte virulence puisqu'ils donnèrent cinq feuilles atteintes par plante ou plus. De ces 12, 8 étaient sensibles à la streptomycine et quatre étaient résistants, ce qui indique que la virulence et la résistance à la streptomycine sont des facteurs indépendants. Dix-huit des 42 isolats de l'E. amylovora testés pour la tolérance au cuivre se sont développés sur le milieu casitone extrait de levure contenant du sulfate de cuivre 0,16 mM; 2 des 18 isolats se sont développés en présence de sulfate de cuivre 0,32 mM, ce qui veut dire que la tolérance au cuivre pourrait être en augmentation dans les vergers de Colombie-Britannique. On ne craint pas que les isolats causent des problèmes dans les vergers arrosés avec du cuivre parce qu'ils furent incapable de croître en présence de sulfate de cuivre 1,10 mM. Les implications de la résistance à la streptomycine et de la tolérance au cuivre pour la lutte contre la brÛlure bactérienne en Colombie-Britannique sont discutées.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".