Field performance, centrifuge testing, and numerical modelling of an induced trench installation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The field performance of an induced trench installation is compared to the results of centrifuge testing and numerical modelling. The measured vertical pressure at the crown of the pipe in the field ranged from 0.24 to 0.36 times the overburden pressure. The horizontal earth pressures measured in the field at the springline level determined a coefficient of lateral earth pressure between 0.39 and 0.49. The culvert was monitored over a period of 2 years following completion of embankment construction indicating no measurable changes in earth pressures and deformations. A model box culvert simulating the prototype height of soil cover, the pipe width, and the thickness of the compressible layer was tested using a geotechnical centrifuge. The prototype structure was also evaluated using numerical modelling to predict full earth pressure distribution and deformations. A comparison of field data, centrifuge testing, and numerical modelling shows that the Marston–Spangler theory used in designing induced trench culverts is conservative. The theory however, does not address or predict the nonuniform pressures on the top, sides, or bottom of the pipe, and therefore numerical analysis should be used to estimate the complete pressure distribution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".