Long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguides and devices in lithium niobate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguides and devices based on a thin narrow Au stripe buried in z-cut LiNbO3 claddings and designed for operation at free-space optical wavelengths near 1550nm are described and discussed. Parallel or antiparallel crystal orientations for the claddings lead to phase modulation or intensity modulation via mode cutoff, respectively. Theoretical results are given for straight waveguides, curved waveguides, and Bragg gratings in symmetric claddings, and for straight waveguides in electro-optically induced asymmetric claddings. The main theoretical findings are that 1dB∕mm of attenuation (or less) is achievable using Au stripes of reasonable dimensions (0.5–1μm wide, 20–40nm thick), that low overlap losses (<1dB) to large and small modes are achievable for the same stripe thickness, that radii of curvature in the range of 10–30mm are required for stripes having a moderate (10−3) confinement, that first order gratings having a reflectance of 0.9 and a bandwidth of 0.75nm are achievable and that they are electro-optically tunable over a 2.9nm range, and that an electro-optically induced index asymmetry of about 4×10−4 is sufficient to cut off weakly (10−4) confined modes. Structures were fabricated by direct wafer bonding and thinning to form the lithium niobate claddings. The measured optical insertion loss of 2mm long waveguides varied from 10to17dB, which are somewhat higher than theoretical expectations. Low frequency electro-optic mode cutoff measurements produced extinction ratios near 12dB and a linear transfer characteristic, thus demonstrating intensity modulation via this mechanism. The results suggest that bulk values for the optical and electro-optic properties of the LiNbO3 claddings have been retained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".