Systematic review of reviews including animal studies addressing therapeutic interventions for sepsis*
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Certain methodologic features of animal experiments such as random assignment have been found to reduce the risk of bias. Because animal research sometimes informs clinical practice, explicit acknowledgment of the risk of bias and clinical relevance cultivates realistic expectations on the part of clinicians reading preclinical studies. We assessed literature reviews of therapeutic interventions for sepsis that include animal experiments for explicit appraisals of the risk of bias and clinical relevance. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and EMBASE. STUDY SELECTION: Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of animal experiments focusing on therapeutic interventions for sepsis. DATA EXTRACTION: In teams of two, reviewers independently screened citations and abstracted data. We determined whether the reviews systematically incorporated critical appraisals for the risk of bias and clinical relevance of the underlying studies as well as explicit extrapolations from preclinical research to human patients. DATA SYNTHESIS: From 164 citations, we retained 45 reviews. Chance-corrected agreement for inclusion was moderate (κ 0.57). Three (7%) met our criteria for a systematic review and one (2%) systematically appraised the risk of bias and the clinical relevance of the primary animal experiments. Thirty-six (80%) were narrative reviews addressing issues related to diverse topics such as pathophysiology and diagnosis as well as multiple therapies and 40 of 45 (89%) included both clinical and animal studies. Twelve (27%) explicitly assumed that data from preclinical studies could apply to human patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although a significant proportion of reviews extrapolated preclinical study results to human patients, most did not systematically appraise the risk of bias or the clinical relevance of preclinical research. Because animal experiments may influence clinical practice, we propose a framework to enhance these features in future reviews of preclinical research.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.037 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it