Geographical variation in spore morphology, gene sequences, and host specificity of Myxobolus arcticus (Myxozoa) infecting salmonid nerve tissues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Myxobolus arcticus Pugachev and Khokhlov, 1979 is a freshwater myxosporean parasite infecting the nerve tissues of salmonid fishes throughout the Pacific region of Far East Asia and North America. The principal fish host is sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in North America and masu salmon O. masou in Japan. Actinospores of M. arcticus were isolated from the lumbriculid oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus and Stylodrilus heringianus in Japan and Canada, respectively. Morphological comparisons indicated that Japanese actinospores from L. variegatus have significantly shorter caudal projections than Canadian isolates from S. heringianus, whereas the corresponding myxospores are indistinguishable. Transmission experiments showed that sockeye salmon were rarely susceptible to the Japanese actinospores, while masu salmon are highly susceptible to this parasite. Sequences of 4560 base pairs of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, including small subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, from Japanese and Canadian isolates had a high similarity over 99.9%, suggesting that they may be conspecific. However, the biological data indicate that they are at least distinct strains. M. arcticus may be geographically isolated due to the specific homing migration of the anadromous fish hosts and has specialized its morphology and host selection for its local environment in the ongoing process of differentiation, potentially leading to speciation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".