A Transformer-Less Load-Modulated (TLLM) Architecture for Efficient Wideband Power Amplifiers
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
An architecture and design procedure for transformer-less load-modulated power amplifiers (PAs) having high efficiency at power back-off is presented. This architecture utilizes a comparable load modulation concept as in the Doherty PA; however, contrary to the Doherty PA, it neither requires an output impedance transformer, nor offset lines, which are the main limiting factors in designing wideband Doherty amplifiers. In this architecture, the proper load modulation at the transistor drain levels is directly dependant on the design of the main and peaking amplifiers' matching networks. It is shown that the design of the output impedance of the peaking amplifier as a frequency-varying susceptance rather than as a quasi-open circuit impedance (as in Doherty amplifiers) helps in achieving better wideband performance. Based on the analytical results, a step-by-step procedure is proposed for designing wideband load-modulated PAs having high efficiency over a wide power back-off region. Based on the proposed architecture and its design procedure, a 10-W PA is designed and prototyped in the 1.96-2.46-GHz band exhibiting a power-added efficiency of more than 40% at a 6-dB power back-off. In comparison with a symmetrical Doherty amplifier design using the same device, the proposed architecture exhibits a 250% enhancement in its fractional bandwidth.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it