Dendroentomological evidence associated with an outbreak of the native wood-boring beetle<i>Enaphalodes rufulus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An outbreak of Enaphalodes rufulus Haldeman, a North American wood-boring cerambycid beetle, appears to be a major contributing factor to a recent Quercus rubra L. mortality event. The objectives of this research were to investigate the historical activity and within-tree distributions of E. rufulus by using scars formed by larval feeding in the cambium and xylem. Scars were counted and dated in fifteen 63- to 88-year-old northern red oaks; five in each of three infestation classes (low, moderate, and high). There were significantly fewer scars noted in low infestation trees than in trees with high infestations, and moderately infested trees showed intermediate scarring. There were significant differences in the date of the first xylem scar with initial scars occurring in 1980 in low infestation trees, 1952 in moderate, and 1940 in high. The number of xylem scars present varied significantly at different heights on the tree bole, but no differences were found based on tree aspect. This research provides evidence that an outbreak of red oak borer has not occurred before in these trees, beetles have not undergone recent population oscillations, trees that are currently highly infested have been infested over a longer period of time and at higher densities than low infestation trees, and there are distinctive within-tree larval distributions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".