Disease and host characteristics as predictors of time to first bone metastasis and death in men with progressive castration‐resistant nonmetastatic prostate cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The natural history of castration-resistant nonmetastatic prostate cancer is poorly defined. METHODS: The authors used data from 331 subjects in the placebo group of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the relations of disease and host characteristics with time to first bone metastases in men with prostate cancer, rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) despite androgen deprivation therapy, and no radiographic evidence of metastases. Relations between baseline covariates and clinical outcomes were assessed by Cox proportional hazard analyses. Covariates in the model were age, body mass index, prior prostatectomy, prior orchiectomy, Gleason score, performance status, PSA, urinary N-telopeptide, bone alkaline phosphatase, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin. RESULTS: At 2 years, 46% of subjects had developed bone metastases, and 20% had died. Median bone metastasis-free survival was 25 months. In multivariate analyses, baseline PSA ≥ 13.1 ng/mL was associated with shorter overall survival (relative risk [RR], 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71-3.21; P < .0001), time to first bone metastasis (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.43-2.74; P < .0001), and bone metastasis-free survival (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.45-2.70; P < .0001). PSA velocity was significantly associated with overall and bone metastasis-free survival. Other covariates were not consistently associated with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In men with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer and no detectable metastases, baseline PSA was significantly associated with time to first bone metastasis, bone metastasis-free survival, and overall survival. Other disease and host characteristics, including body mass index and bone turnover markers, were not consistently associated with clinical outcomes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".