Nonrandom mating in a broadcast spawner: mate size influences reproductive success in Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that reproductive success in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is random with respect to similarity in body size between mates. Immediately prior to their natural breeding periods, groups of 52–93 cod from three Northwest Atlantic populations were transported to a large (15 m diameter, 4 m deep) tank where they spawned undisturbed at densities similar to those in nature. Based on microsatellite DNA-parentage assignment of 8913 offspring from four spawning groups, females and males achieved their highest reproductive success when breeding with mates that were larger than themselves. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that some form of intrasexual competition or mate choice is a constituent of the mating system of this species and that this can have an important influence on individual fitness. Our results further suggest that reductions in the mean and variance in body size of commercially exploited marine fishes concomitant with size-selective harvesting may have greater negative consequences for population recovery than previously thought.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".