Production-based versus consumption-based emission targets: implications for developing and developed economies
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper evaluates how the marginal abatement cost (MAC) and the efficiency cost of policies will change at the regional and global level if reduction targets are based on consumption-based emissions (CBEs) rather than on production-based emissions (PBEs). Using a CGE model, this paper finds that the MAC of CBEs is in general higher than that of PBEs, mainly due to limited substitution possibilities between energy and non-energy goods in final consumption compared to those in the choice of inputs in production activities under PBEs. Interestingly, when policies such as border carbon adjustments (BCAs) are introduced to reduce CBEs, net importers of emissions are better off, while net exporters of emissions are worse off in this approach compared to the PBEs target. If border tariffs are not allowed, the CBEs target turns out to be worse both for net importers and exporters of emissions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it