A large‐scale molecular survey of<i>Clinostomum</i>(Digenea, Clinostomidae)
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Members of the genus Clinostomum Leidy, 1856 are parasites that mature in birds, with occasional reports in humans. Because morphological characters for reliable discrimination of species are lacking, the number of species considered valid has varied by an order of magnitude. In this study, sequences from the DNA barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase I ( CO 1) and/or internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) from specimens from Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Kenya, China and Thailand were analysed together with published sequences from Europe, Africa, Indonesia and North America. Although ITS and CO 1 distances among specimens were strongly correlated, distance‐based analysis of each marker yielded different groups. Putative species indicated by CO 1 distances were consistent with available morphological identifications, while those indicated by ITS conflicted with morphological identifications in three cases. There was little overlap in sequence variation within and between species, particularly for CO 1. Although ITS and CO 1 distances tended to increase in specimens that were further apart geographically, this did not impair distance‐based species delineation. Phylogenetic analysis suggests a deep division between clades of Clinostomum inhabiting the New World and Old World, which parallels the distribution of their principal definitive hosts, the Ardeidae.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it