Association of Homozygous Wild-Type Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Genotype with Increased Breast Cancer Risk
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
More than 500 studies have examined the association of the glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) genotype with various malignancies yielding inconsistent results. The genotyping was based on a PCR assay that identified the GSTM1 null (-/-) genotype but did not distinguish homozygous wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/-) individuals. We developed an assay that allowed the definition of +/+, +/-, and -/- genotypes by separate identification of wild-type and null alleles, which were found with frequencies of 0.225 and 0.775, respectively, in Caucasian women. We applied the new assay to a breast cancer case-control study and identified the +/+ genotype in 14 (6.9%) of 202 control subjects compared with 37 (18.2%) of 203 patients. Compared with women with the -/- genotype, the relative risk of breast cancer for the +/+ genotype was 2.83 (95% confidence interval, 1.45-5.59; P = 0.002), suggesting a protective effect of the GSTM1 deletion.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it