Prostaglandin (PG) F2 Alpha Synthesis in Human Subcutaneous and Omental Adipose Tissue: Modulation by Inflammatory Cytokines and Role of the Human Aldose Reductase AKR1B1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: PGF2α may be involved in the regulation of adipose tissue function. OBJECTIVES: 1) To examine PGF2α release by primary preadipocytes, mature adipocytes and whole tissue explants from the subcutaneous and omental fat compartments; 2) To assess which PGF synthase is the most relevant in human adipose tissue. METHODS: Fat samples were obtained by surgery in women. PGF2α release by preadipocytes, adipocytes and explants under stimulation by TNF-α, IL-1β or both was measured. Messenger RNA expression levels of AKR1B1 and AKR1C3 were measured by RT-PCR in whole adipose tissue and cytokine-treated preadipocytes. The effect of AKR1B1 inhibitor ponalrestat on PGF2α synthesis was investigated. RESULTS: PGF2α release was significantly induced in response to cytokines compared to control in omental (p = 0.01) and to a lesser extent in subcutaneous preadipocytes (p = 0.02). Messenger RNA of COX-2 was significantly higher in omental compared to subcutaneous preadipocytes in response to combined TNF-α and IL-1β (p = 0.01). Inflammatory cytokines increased AKR1B1 mRNA expression and protein levels (p≤0.05), but failed to increase expression levels of AKR1C3 in cultured preadipocytes. Accordingly, ponalrestat blunted PGF2α synthesis by preadipocytes in basal and stimulated conditions (p≤0.05). Women with the highest PGF2α release by omental adipocytes had a higher BMI (p = 0.05), waist circumference (p≤0.05) and HOMAir index (p≤0.005) as well as higher mRNA expression of AKR1B1 in omental (p<0.10) and subcutaneous (p≤0.05) adipose tissue compared to women with low omental adipocytes PGF2α release. Positive correlations were observed between mRNA expression of AKR1B1 in both compartments and BMI, waist circumference as well as HOMAir index (p≤0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: PGF2α release by omental mature adipocytes is increased in abdominally obese women. Moreover, COX-2 expression and PGF2α release is particularly responsive to inflammatory stimulation in omental preadipocytes. Yet, blockade of PGF synthase AKR1B1 inhibits most of the PGF2α release.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".