Insect toxins from spruce endophytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extracts of fermentation cultures of a fungal endophyte (DAOM 221611) from spruce needles have afforded the known macrocyclic antibiotic vermiculin (1), 7α,8β,11-trihydroxydrimane (2), and eight novel 13-carbon γ-lactones, namely trans-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (3), trans-8-hydroxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (4), trans-8-acetoxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (5), trans-9-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-oxo-dodec-trans-6-en-4-olide (6), trans-8,9-dihydroxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (7), trans-9-hydroxy-8-oxo-3-methyldodecan-4-olide (8), trans-7,9-dihydroxy-3-methyl-8-oxo-dodecan-4-olide (9), and trans-6-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-7-oxo-undecan-4-olide (10). A known JH III metabolism product, 10,11-dihydroxyfarnesenic acid (11), was also isolated and synthesized from farnesol. Other endophyte cultures from black spruce and white spruce afforded the novel 6,7-dihydroxy-2-propyl-2,4-octadien-4-olide (16), 5,6,8-trihydroxy-4-(1'-hydroxyethyl) isocoumarin (17) plus the known sescandelin (18), sescandelin B (19), and 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyacetanilide (20). Several of the γ-lactones showed toxicity to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) larvae and vermiculin 1 and compound 16 were toxic to spruce budworm cells.Key words: toxigenic endophytes, insect toxins, γ-lactones, isocoumarins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".