Severe hypospadias and its association with maternal‐placental factors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The neonate born small for gestational age (SGA, birth weight <10th centile) with severe hypospadias, and without the presence of other malformations, is a presentation which clinical geneticists are asked to assess. However, this combination is not well addressed in the literature. Epidemiological studies point to an increased incidence and severity of hypospadias in SGA infants, but leave open the possibility that the association is attributable to the population subset who have multiple congenital abnormalities or genetic syndromes. Epidemiological studies unselected for birth weight have also identified an association between hypospadias with some risk factors tied to SGA, including prematurity, preeclampsia, and placental insufficiency. This study was developed after being involved in the care of several boys with SGA and severe hypospadias who were premature, with gestational histories of maternal hypertension and oligohydramnios. No underlying syndromes, hormonal abnormalities, or contributory family histories could be found. We hypothesized that severe hypospadias may in some cases be causally related to maternal-placental factors rather than primary fetal abnormalities. A retrospective study of a cohort of singletons born SGA with unexplained hypospadias was conducted. We compared their gestational histories and hypospadias severities with those born at normal birth weights. The cohort with SGA had an increased ratio of severe to mild hypospadias. Further, within the cohort of SGA boys, there was a higher prevalence of prematurity, maternal hypertension, and oligohydramnios among those with severe vs mild hypospadias. Small sample sizes are limiting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".