Prospects for underground coal gasification in carbon-constrained world
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Underground coal gasification (UCG) has re-emerged as an energy technology for coal conversion and utilization given its attractive economics, ability to access inaccessible coals, and versatility of use. Based on published and new cost estimates, engineering analyses, and new commercial pilots it appears that UCG can produce syngas for 1 / 2 to 1 / 4 of the cost compared to surface gasifiers. New pilots announced in India, Canada, New Zealand, Wyoming, Alberta, China, and Australia to commence in 2009-2010 are preludes to commercial projects to produce hydrogen, power, liquid fuels, and chemicals. Importantly, UCG may have special promise in combination with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). First, there is a high degree of coincidence between coal resources and potential sequestration sites. Second, preliminary engineering and economic assessments suggest that it would be possible to fully or partially decarbonize many UCG product streams with CCS at costs at or below their surface equivalents without CCS. At present, all projects proposed for North America have CCS as a component to their carbon management strategy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".