Buckling of microtubules under bending and torsion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) in living cells are frequently bend, e.g., with a mean curvature of about 0.4 rad/μm in fibroblast cells [Odde et al., J. Cell Sci. 112, 3283 (1999)]. This raises a natural question whether bending buckling can occur in a MT. In this paper, an orthotropic model is developed to investigate buckling of MTs upon bending and torsion. A critical buckling curvature for a bent MT is predicted to be about 0.03 rad/μm (to which the corresponding bending moment is 0.85 nN nm), indicating that MTs in living cells are likely buckled. Buckling behavior of torsional MTs is also studied, and a critical buckling torque of 0.077 nN nm is obtained. Comparison to the results from an isotropic model shows that anisotropic properties of the MT wall have severe effect on the mechanical behavior of MTs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".