Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of a structured liquid: Neat formamide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vibrational dynamics of liquid formamide is studied in the spectral region of the amide I mode by means of linear and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopies. The two-dimensional spectrum has a complex structure to be connected to the partially excitonic nature of the vibrational states. The measurements performed on a 1:10 (12)C:(13)C formamide isotopic mixture allow separating the broadening contribution due to the inhomogeneous frequency distribution of the local oscillators from that of excitonic origin. A model based on the Kubo picture of the line broadening is used, together with the dynamic information obtained from a molecular dynamics simulation, to fit the spectra of the (12)C formamide impurity in the isotopic mixture. The relevant dynamical information, such as the amplitude of the frequency fluctuations, lifetime of the second vibrational excited state, and anharmonicity, is thus recovered. By appropriately combining the outcomes of experiments and molecular dynamics simulation, we demonstrate that motional narrowing determines the line shape of the amide I resonance to a large extent. The same analysis provides an estimate of the transition dipole moment of formamide, which results in good agreement with an ab initio calculation. The calculated frequency fluctuation correlation time is found to be comparable to the hydrogen-bond lifetime, which defines the basic structural relaxation rate of the networked liquid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".