Concentrations of dimethyl sulfide in the Strait of Georgia and its impact on the atmospheric sulfur budget of the Canadian West Coast
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study was conducted in the Strait of Georgia to determine the seasonal variation of the biogenic sulfur budget, mainly dimethyl sulfide (DMS), during the three seasons, autumn (November 1999), spring (April 2000) and summer (August 2000). During autumn, surface DMS concentrations were low, 0.02–0.3 nmol l−1. They were highest during spring, 2–30 nmol l−1 and moderately high during summer, 0.2–14 nmol l−1. Related parameters such as chlorophyll a (chl a) and particulate or dissolved dimethyl sulphonioproprionate (DMSPp and DMSPd) were also measured. DMSPp levels were highest during spring coincident with the highest chl a concentrations. In contrast, DMSPd concentrations were highest during summer. Using the Liss‐Merlivat model for sea‐air gas exchange DMS fluxes to the atmosphere was calculated. The areal average DMS flux from the Strait of Georgia decreased from a maximum of 6.4 μmol m−2 d−1 during the spring to 2.2 μmol m−2 d−1 during the summer to 0.15 μmol m−2 d−1 during the autumn. DMS emissions from the Georgia Basin can contribute as much as 26% to the total sulfur emissions (natural and anthropogenic) from the region. Our results also indicate that biogenic sulfur emissions from the Pacific Ocean are also an important source of sulfur to the total regional sulfur budget for the Lower Fraser Valley and they will become more important as anthropogenic S emissions become better controlled.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".