Identification of the Compounds Responsible for the Sweat-Like Odor in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Volatile Oil
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>The aroma of hop volatile oil contains a sweat-like odor. We studied the odorous volatile compounds responsible for the sweat-like odor in the volatile oil extracted from Hallertau Perle hop (<em>Humulus</em><em> </em><em>lupulus</em><em> </em>L.) pellets. The combined use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) by GC-MS/O (an odor dilution technique), and heart-cut multidimensional GC-MS (heart-cut MDGC-MS) equipped with the polar (1D) and apolar (2D) capillary columns revealed seven sweat-like odor producing compounds: methyl-branched saturated and unsaturated aliphatic acids, such as 3-methylbutanoic acid (sweaty/rancid/cheese-like), 2-methylbutanoic acid (sweaty/rancid/cheese-like), 4-methyl-3-pentenoic acid (sweaty/urine-like/malodor in laundry), and (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenoic acid (sweaty/urine-like/malodor in laundry), as well as others, such as an unknown compound (sweaty), methyl (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenoate (sweaty/malodor in laundry/fruity), and <em>S</em>-methyl (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenethioate (sweaty/rubber). The reference substances were synthesized stereo selectively using for the identification procedures. In this study, (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenoic acid, methyl (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenoate, and <em>S</em>-methyl (<em>E</em>)-4-methyl-3-hexenethioate were identified for the first time in hop volatile oil.</p>
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it