Optogenetic stimulation of the frontal eye field in an awake, behaving monkey.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optogenetics is a new tool in neuroscience that allows researchers to control neuronal activity with stimulation of exogenously expressed light-sensitive transmembrane ion channels. Since the introduction of this technique in 2005, it has been increasingly relied upon for its high spatial and temporal resolution; that is, the ability to depolarize or hyperpolarize spatially localized neurons of a defined genetic population with millisecond-scale induction and reversibility. Despite the methodological advantages of optogenetics, few groups have successfully implemented it in the study of visual processing in primates. Our laboratory applied optogenetics to the study of visual processing in the prefrontal cortex. We injected the excitatory opsin channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) into the frontal eye field of a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). ChR2 was carried with a lentivirus vector and expressed under control of the Thy 1 promoter (Lenti-Thy 1-ChR2(H134R)-eYFP). Injection sites were visually identified using anatomical landmarks in the right hemisphere, ventral to the dorsomedial aspect of the arcuate sulcus. Approximately 6 months after injection, we measured single unit activity in this region in the awake, behaving monkey using a single electrode coupled to an optic fiber and a monochromatic blue laser (473 nm). Measurements of neuronal activity during baseline and optical stimulation were carried out while the monkey fixated on a 1° fixation point on a projection screen. Light-induced neuronal activity was observed in multiple neurons over several weeks. These neurons exhibited up to 70-fold increases in firing rate during the optical stimulation compared to baseline activity. Preliminary immunohistological analyses of transfection efficiency of this viral construct in a separate brain region show transfection of both astrocytes and neurons; further analyses of the proportion and genetic identity of transfected cells are ongoing. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2013
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".