Habitat structure, climatic factors, and habitat use by European bison (<i>Bison bonasus</i>) in Polish and Belarusian parts of the Białowieża Forest, Poland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Białowieża Forest is divided into Polish and Belarusian parts that differ in habitat structure and degree of protection. The forest supports two European bison, Bison bonasus (L., 1758), populations that are isolated from each other. We analysed bison habitat use from relocations of 34 radio-collared bison from both populations collected in 1993–2003. The two bison populations differed considerably in habitat use, but home-range sizes were similar. The habitat structure in the Polish part is more advantageous for bison (deciduous forests prevail) than in the Belarusian part; however, open areas form a rich source of forage for ungulates in the Belarusian part, which presumably helped to eliminate the difference between the two parts. In 1977–2003, the annual temperature in this area rose and the total precipitation diminished. As a result, the habitat use by bison changed in both populations when compared with those in earlier studies; use of coniferous forests decreased, while use of deciduous forests and alderwoods increased. Generalized linear models on relationships among climatic factors and habitat use showed that the amount of water accessible in the period up to 4 years ago was the main factor affecting the use of various forest types. Habitat preferences differed between adult bulls and groups that included cows, but were similar in both populations irrespective of the differences in habitat composition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".