Clinical Course of Affective Disorders: Were Emil Kraepelin and Jules Angst Wrong?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Returning to the original problem of 'correcting' the earlier findings, it appears that it is not a question of who is right and who is wrong. Kraepelin outlined, and Angst clearly specified, the basic characteristics of the clinical course of unipolar and bipolar affective disorders which unfolds in patients without other pre-existing psychiatric disorders and which is typically episodic. The criteria for diagnosis applied not only cross-sectionally but also longitudinally. Recent studies, on the other hand, have put more emphasis on the standardized cross-sectional approach, and deal with a much broader population in which episodes of affective syndromes develop mainly on the basis of preexisting and chronic psychiatric disturbance, with more frequent recurrences and cycling. In a nutshell, Kraepelin and Angst provided us with a natural history of affective disorders whereas recent studies provide us with the clinical course of a broadly defined cluster of affective syndromes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".