High Performance Beta Titanium Alloys as a New Material Perspective for Cardiovascular Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the last few decades, titanium alloys are more and more popular and developed as biomedical devices because of their excellent biocompatibility, very good combination of mechanical properties and prominent corrosion resistance [1-3]. Recently, a new generation of beta titanium alloys dedicated to biomedical applications has been developed. Based on biocompatible alloying elements such as Ta, Nb, Zr and Mo, these alloys were designed as low modulus alloys [4] or nickel-free superelastic materials [5, 6] mainly for orthopedic or dental applications as osseointegrated implants. Beta type titanium alloys take great advantages from their capacity to display several deformation mechanisms as a function of beta phase stability. Therefore, from low to high beta stability, stress assisted martensitic phase transformation (β-α’’), mechanical twinning or simple dislocation slip can alternatively be observed [7]. As a consequence, a very large range of mechanical properties can be reached, including low apparent modulus, large reversible elastic deformation or high yield stress. Although titanium alloys display now a long history of successful applications in orthopedic and dental devices, none of them have been commercially exploited in the area of coronary stents, despite their superior long term haemocopatibility compared to the 316L stainless steel. However, according to previous researches on the biocompatibility of various metals, the corrosion behavior of stainless steel is dominated by its nickel and chromium components, which may induce redox reaction, hydrolysis and complex metal ion–organic molecule binding reactions, whereas none are observed with titanium [8, 9].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".